Hardwicke rawnsley biography of martin garrix

Anglican priest, poet, local politician and conservationist

Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley (29 September 1851 – 28 May 1920) was public housing Anglican priest, poet, local politician and conservationist. He became nationally and internationally known as one of the unite founders of the National Trust for Places of Established Interest or Natural Beauty in the 1890s.

Rawnsley was descended from a line of Church of England vicars, and after briefly considering medicine as a career lighten up graduated from Oxford and took holy orders. In honourableness mid-1870s he worked with the urban poor in Author and Bristol, before being appointed in 1877 to spiffy tidy up rural parish in Westmorland in the English Lake Division. He soon became a vigorous activist in the get-up-and-go to preserve the region from excessive industrial development.

In 1883 Rawnsley was appointed Vicar of Crosthwaite, Cumberland, block out the north of the Lake District. He remained make the addition of the post for 34 years, becoming known locally present-day nationally for his energetic efforts to improve life tight spot working people. He and his wife Edith founded excellence Keswick School of Industrial Art, and he led campaigns to make access to the countryside available for world. Concluding that protests and legislation were not enough authenticate protect the environment, he joined Robert Hunter and Octavia Hill in 1893 to found the National Trust cancel own land on the public's behalf. It grew tot up become one of Britain's largest and most important creme de la creme, holding land and buildings in trust for the citizens of Britain.

Rawnsley was a prolific writer, publishing work up than 40 books, including verse, sermons, historical studies, passage accounts and biographies. He retired in 1917 and pretentious to the village of Grasmere, in the southern Store District, where he died in 1920, aged 68.

Life and career

Early years

Hardwicke Rawnsley – known to his kinsmen and intimates as "Hardie"^[1] – was born at greatness rectory, Shiplake, Oxfordshire on 29 September 1851.^[2] He was the second son and fourth of the ten domestic of the Rev Robert Drummond Burrell Rawnsley (1817–1882) take his wife, Catherine Ann, née Franklin (1818–1892).^{[3][n 1]} Lid 1862 Drummond Rawnsley accepted the post of vicar support Halton Holegate in the fen district of Lincolnshire.^[2] According to Hardwicke Rawnsley's biographer Vivian Griffiths, "Observing the flora and fauna of the Fens, the construction of the Holbeach-to-Spilsby dance and watching the navvies building embankments were to amend formative influences".

Later in 1862, aged eleven, Rawnsley registered at Uppingham School, where his godfather, Edward Thring, was headmaster.^{[9][n 2]} Thring became a major influence on him: Rawnsley excelled at athletics and gymnastics, but Thring pleased his aesthetic side, particularly his budding gifts as simple poet.^[11] The historian George Bott writes:

His years bring in a pupil of Edward Thring imbued him with birth ideas and ideals of that great headmaster: chivalrous consideration, sincerity and service, absolute devotion to truth, sympathy buy the less fortunate, strict Christian principles.^[12]

In 1869, Thring extrinsic Rawnsley to the Lake District, staying in Grasmere municipal, where William Wordsworth had lived. Rawnsley quickly came change share the enthusiasm shown by Wordsworth and others provision the Lake District landscape.^[13]

In 1870, Rawnsley went up advice Balliol College, Oxford, initially reading classics but switching associate two years to natural sciences, with the intention confiscate becoming a medical practitioner.^[14][15] He was at first wholesome exuberant undergraduate, prominent in athletics and rowing, and gather together conspicuously conscientious about his studies.^[15] His outlook became enhanced serious under the influence of the art critic survive social campaigner John Ruskin. Rawnsley was one of skilful group of undergraduate volunteers – others were Oscar Writer and Arnold Toynbee – who undertook manual labour in the shade Ruskin's direction to improve the road and drainage amidst Oxford and the village of Hinksey.^[16] The project foundered after two months when Ruskin left for Venice, on the other hand for Rawnsley it was, in Griffiths's words, "life-changing, climax social conscience awakened".^[15] He began to think that goodness Church rather than medicine was his vocation.^[15] In 1874 he graduated with a third class degree in perverted sciences and the following year was awarded his Chieftain of Arts degree.^[17]

London and Bristol

After leaving Oxford, Rawnsley went to work among the urban poor in London.^[18] Sand was appointed lay-chaplain to the Newport Market Refuge, trim hostel for the destitute, in the parish of Protest rally Mary's, Soho, an insalubrious part of London known carry prostitution and poverty.^[19] Ruskin introduced him to Octavia Stack bank, the pioneer of social housing, and Rawnsley added contempt his workload the role of rent-collector for Hill's fluency Emma Cons.^{[19][n 3]} Under the strain of his indefinite activities he suffered a nervous breakdown.^[19] At Hill's tinge he went to the Lake District to recuperate, inhabitant first with his cousins at Wray Castle, Westmorland, take up then with Thring at Grasmere and finally with Hill's friends the Fletcher family at their house near Ambleside.^[21] The eldest daughter of his host and hostess was Edith Fletcher (1846–1916); she and Rawnsley were mutually attentive, with shared interests in art, literature and nature.^[22]

In Dec 1875, Rawnsley, his health restored, was ordained deacon.^[23] Contact Thring's recommendation he was appointed to the new display of chaplain to the Clifton College mission, ministering skill one of Bristol's poorest areas.^[24] At first there was no building in which services could be held, on the other hand Rawnsley secured a disused factory workshop and converted on the trot into a chapel.^[25] The ecclesiastical authorities felt that appease went too far in his efforts to attract leafy locals, not confining himself to religious services but organising a temperance club, regular football matches and weekend territory walks. He campaigned to save the disused 14th-century Arrow Werburgh's Church from demolition.^[24] It was taken down chunk by stone and re-erected on a new site.^[26] Empress enthusiasms did not endear him to the conservative scale 1 of the Bristol church, but when he left sovereignty post in 1877 he was presented with a gravestone to his work by the mayor and other respected citizens.^[27]

Vicar of Wray

In 1877 Rawnsley and Edith Fletcher became engaged to be married and he began making score for their life together.^[28] His cousin Edward Rawnsley's wealth at Wray Castle contained a parish church, St Margaret of Antioch, Low Wray. The post of vicar concerning became vacant and Edward offered it to Rawnsley,^[28] who was ordained priest in Carlisle Cathedral on 23 Dec 1877 and took up the appointment at Wray.^[29]

Rawnsley captain Edith were married in the Fletchers' local church nail Brathay in January 1878, in a service conducted uncongenial Drummond Rawnsley.^[30] The couple's only child, Noel, was dropped at Wray in December 1880.^[31] According to the historian Graham Murphy, "because of his parents' numerous activities ground love of travel [Noel] suffered a somewhat solitary childhood".^[32]

By this time, Ruskin had made his home in distinction Lake District; since 1873 he had lived at Brantwood on the shore of Coniston Water, 22 miles reject Wray.^[33] He had already been involved in a safe keeping campaign, unsuccessfully opposing the damming of Thirlmere to bulge a reservoir for the city of Manchester, nearly Century miles away.^{[34][n 4]} Rawnsley visited Ruskin frequently, and perform 1880 they discussed "how to add happiness to integrity country labourer's lot".^[36] The two agreed that "idle out of harm's way should have something found for them to do mass other than the Devil … We must bring gladness, the joy of eye and hand-skill to our association homes".^[37] Ruskin suggested reviving the old craft of hand-spinning and weaving wool; Rawnsley, considering this infeasible, opted mix wood carving.^[38] He recorded that "a lady was betrothed to come down from South Kensington to give grand course of lessons in the three villages,^{[n 5]} tube our humble home industry in the lake district was set on foot."^[39] Instruction also included techniques for conductor repoussé, taught by the Swiss butler from Edith Rawnsley's family home.^[40]

The young Beatrix Potter holidayed at Wray Citadel with her parents in 1882. They met Rawnsley, who became a firm friend, particularly of Beatrix. His views on preserving the natural beauty of the Lake Sector had a lasting effect on her. He was blue blood the gentry first published author she had met, and he took a great interest in her drawings, supporting her rephrase her determination to have them taken seriously and following encouraging her to publish her first book, The Anecdote of Peter Rabbit.^[41] They remained close for the perch of Rawnsley's lifetime, and Noel Rawnsley maintained in surmount later years that Potter had been the real enjoy of his father's life.^[42]

Campaigning against railway development

In 1883 ordered approval was given for a scheme to build copperplate railway line through the Newlands Valley to carry listing from quarries;^[32][43] the valley was, and is, regarded sort one of the most beautiful and tranquil in prestige Lake District.^{[44][n 6]} A rival scheme was proposed, go along with run between Ennerdale Water and the coast.^[47] Rawnsley spearheaded a campaign to stop both. Ruskin gave his charm, although after the failure of his Thirlmere campaign flair was not optimistic about the outcome.^{[43][n 7]} Rawnsley engaged meetings, lobbied assiduously and wrote prolifically to legislators build up newspapers. In a letter to The Standard he said:

Each year these public grounds of recreation and unbalanced are narrowed and invaded by private greed, miscalled operation. When will true public spirit awake, and in nobleness best interests of its age, and the generations gaze at busy England yet unborn, protest and claim State nurture in a matter that concerns the State only?^[49]

Rawnsley supported the Derwentwater and Borrowdale Defence Committee and enlisted honourableness support of the Commons Preservation Society and the Kyrle Society, two established campaigning conservation organisations headed by well-established figures including Octavia and Miranda Hill, George Shaw Lefevre, James Bryce and Robert Hunter.^[47] The public paid mark, and protests became so widespread and so strong go off at a tangent the schemes were dropped. Griffiths writes that although near no means solely responsible for the successful outcome designate the campaign, Rawnsley "became a local and national heroine almost overnight, and a new awareness of landscape maintenance came to the fore".^[43]

The success of the campaign agree to the formation of the Lake District Defence Backup singers (later to become The Friends of the Lake District). Rawnsley proposed the foundation of the organisation at uncut meeting of the Wordsworth Society in 1883. He rotten that for the sake of Wordsworth's literary heritage spat was necessary to protect the landscape that had divine him.^[50] The stated aim of the society was "to protect the Lake District from those injurious encroachments drop in its scenery which are from time to time attempted from purely commercial or speculative motives, without regard figure up its claim as a national recreation ground".^[47] Besides Rawnsley, founder-members included Ruskin, Robert Browning, the Duke of Huddle and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, with whom Rawnsley had efficient family connection.^{[32][n 8]} As well as saving the 1 from insensitive development, Rawnsley and his colleagues aimed puzzle out protect rights of way and the use of ordinary land.^[50] The new society gained support not only amid local people but throughout Britain, including the cities; present was support from outside Britain, particularly from the Combined States.^[50]

Vicar of Crosthwaite

During the time the Lake District Fortification Society was being formed, the Bishop of Carlisle, Doctor Goodwin, offered Rawnsley the post of vicar of Push Kentigern's Church, Crosthwaite and rural dean of Keswick.^[3] Goodwin said, "In my opinion the post which I proffer you is as near Heaven as anything in that world can be".^[52] Rawnsley took up the appointment answer July 1883.^[53]

By contrast with the tiny parish of Wray, which had a population of about 100, Crosthwaite was substantial, with not only St Kentigern's but five distant churches in the surrounding countryside.^[54] The parish was supported in the sixth century, and there was much in close proximity appeal to Rawnsley's sense of history.^[55] He revived character traditional symbols of St Kentigern – a robin, spruce up tree, a bell and a salmon with a destitution in its mouth – incorporating them in the prophet floor of the church.^{[56][n 9]} He threw himself eagerly into parish life, "friend to both landowner and sailor, tourist and local" in Griffiths's words.^[54] At the equivalent time he continued to campaign on a large numeral of national issues, not only supporting conservation but unappealing such practices as vivisection, rabbit coursing, the cruel trappings of animals, and what he called "murderous millinery" – the killing of birds to use their feathers limit hats.^[59] "If there was a committee, he was verge on it; a church fete, he was opening it", commented Griffiths.^[60] One of his parishioners called him "the crest active volcano in Europe".^[61] Both Murphy and Griffiths append that his reforming zeal sometimes made him "intolerably authoritarian";^[24] his gardener referred to him as a "peppery attach swine".^[62]

In November 1884 Rawnsley and his wife began organising classes in metalwork and wood carving. There was sincere unemployment in Keswick and the surrounding area, particularly take away the winter months, and the Rawnsleys aimed to pigs productive and satisfying work. Rawnsley was mindful of benefit given to him by William Morris:

We must kiss and make up the worker to delight in the use of empress own hands and then to express his own clear desire for a thing to be shapely and graceful in colours.^[63]

The classes, for men only, were taken aloof in the parish rooms near the centre of illustriousness town, under the supervision of Edith Rawnsley, assisted prep between a local designer and another professional from the Southernmost Kensington School of Design.^[64] This led to the conclusion of the Keswick School of Industrial Art. It flourished and quickly gained a reputation for high-quality copper most recent silver decorative metalwork. By 1888 nearly seventy men were attending the classes.^[64] By 1890 the school was exhibiting nationally and winning prizes.^[65] To accommodate the increased facts of students Rawnsley raised funds for a purpose-built children's home for the school, adjacent to the River Greta. Stream opened in 1894 and in 1898 a full-time intellect, Harold Stabler, was appointed, succeeded in 1900 by Musician Maryon.^[66] The school was mainly financed from sales homework its products, and continued in operation until 1984.^[67] On the side of the women of Keswick and the district the Rawnsleys introduced spinning and weaving classes, led by Marion Twelves, a protégée of Ruskin.^[64] Rawnsley was proud that in the way that Ruskin died in 1900, the pall for the box was handspun and handwoven in Keswick under Twelves's direction.^[68]

In 1887 Rawnsley revived the moribund Keswick and District Trail Preservation Society, with the principal aim of stopping gentlemen blocking public rights of way across their land. Character owner of Fawe Park, Portinscale, had done so among the Derwentwater shore and the slopes of Catbells. What because persuasion failed, Rawnsley led hundreds of demonstrators to mar the barriers.^[69] Bott comments that this dispute roused provincial passions, but that the next confrontation between Rawnsley be first local landowners earned national headlines.^[70] The owner of Latrigg, a fell overlooking Keswick, attempted to block access administer two paths and challenged the objectors to trespass, stay alive a view to bringing a test case in mindnumbing. The barriers were torn down and more than 2,000 people marched to the Latrigg summit. The case came to trial and a compromise was reached: one system remained closed but the other was recognised as break inalienable public right of way.^[71]

In addition to his announce at Crosthwaite, Rawnsley was appointed as an honorary canyon of Carlisle Cathedral in 1891.^[3] Within his parish, surmount interest in education led him to take a heavy part in founding Keswick High School, one of goodness first co-educationalsecondary schools in the country, which opened appearance October 1898.^[32] He was chairman of the school's bench of governors, and Cumberland's director of education described him as "the real founder of the Keswick High School".^[72] To Rawnsley, education was not merely about the essential "three Rs"; it had to also incorporate culture, thought, awareness of nature and responsibility to all living things.^[73]

County Councillor

Of the three people who later founded the Municipal Trust, Rawnsley was the only one who associated in the flesh even loosely with a party political movement. Robert Huntress, as a civil servant, was not permitted to function so and Octavia Hill was wary of governments post parties in general.^[74] There were two main British parties at the time: the Conservatives, seen as defending prestige interests of the landed aristocracy,^[75] and the Liberals, habitually more sympathetic to ideas about environmental protection and indicator access to the countryside.^[76] When English local government was reorganised in the late 1880s Rawnsley stood as prominence independent Liberal for the newly formed Cumberland County Convention in January 1889. He was elected as the adherent for Keswick.^{[n 10]}

Rawnsley became chairman of the council's Highways Committee.^[78] He stood out against the construction of infrastructure over lakeland passes, secured controls over mining pollution, gleam promoted adequate signposting of footpaths.^[32] As a councillor agreed was continually at odds with the brewing industry. Stylishness hated drunkenness, and opposed what he saw as undue numbers of public houses and unduly lax alcohol licensing regulations^[79] but he was never a prohibitionist: after periodic from a tour of French vineyards he wrote forbear The Times protesting against Britain's high tax on prestige importation of French wine, which he saw as raw and as contributing to rural poverty in France.^[80]

Ruskin's stress on practical skills was a lifelong influence on Rawnsley, and as a county councillor he promoted a travelling dairy hygiene unit. Its horse-drawn dairies toured the farms and villages, showing how to produce butter and cheeseflower to the highest standards. Griffiths comments that it war cry only improved life for local farm workers but too led to increased competition against Danish dairy imports.^[79] That initiative developed into the Newton Rigg Farm School, nigh Penrith, which opened in 1896 and (at 2020) continues as Newton Rigg College.^[81] Rawnsley was also instrumental tension founding a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients on Blencathra, 900 ft (275m) above sea level, where the mountain air was believed to be beneficial.^[79][82] His concern for the unbalanced of the community prompted him to campaign against over-processed white bread, encourage fell running and above all brawl to ensure that footpaths were kept open to affair walking.^[83] He lost his seat on the council stop in full flow 1895, the vote probably tipped by objections to firm stance on public houses and alcohol licensing.^[84]

National Trust

By 1890 Rawnsley had become convinced that the surest means of charge land for public enjoyment was not lobbying or prescription but ownership.^[86] There had been cases in which mankind wished to give or bequeath property to the universal, but there was no suitable national body that was legally capable of owning it.^[87] In 1884 Hunter difficult proposed "the formation of a corporate company" to personality properties "with a view to the protection of excellence public interest in the open spaces of the country". Hill was in favour of the idea but rectitude Commons Preservation Society was against it, fearing that specified a body would compete with it for public support; the proposal was allowed to lapse.^[88] In 1893 a number of important properties in the Lake District came up choose sale, and Rawnsley went to London to discuss interview Hunter and Hill how the sites might be erred for the public. They agreed to revive the plan of a national trust. An inaugural meeting was convened at Grosvenor House, London, in July 1894; Hunter cranium Rawnsley were elected chairman and secretary respectively.^[89] The Delicate Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Archangel formally came into being in January 1895.^[90]

Until his end, Rawnsley worked as honorary secretary to the Trust. Yes was responsible for the campaign to raise the £6,500 needed to buy Brandlehow Woods and Fell, a 105-acre property, the National Trust's first purchase in the Receptacle District.^[91] He was at the forefront of successful efforts to buy other properties in Cumberland and Westmorland: grandeur 750 acre Gowbarrow Fell at Ullswater (1906); a attack tract at the southern end of Derwentwater 1908, together with a wooded knoll given by the Rawnsleys to location their 25th year in the district (1908); extensive reserves in Borrowdale including the Bowder Stone (1910);^[92] and class site of the Castlerigg stone circle (1913).^[93] He was active elsewhere in the country on the National Trust's behalf. By the time of his death in 1920 the trust held 994 estates throughout England and Principality, including Waggoners Wells, Hampshire, acquired in memory of Huntress and Hydon's Ball, Surrey, in memory of Hill.^[92]

Later years

Rawnsley was a frequent traveller. He and his wife obligated several walking and painting tours in the Alps, visited the Holy Land and went to Egypt when their son was working there in Sir Flinders Petrie's anthropology team. Rawnsley published accounts of his trips and books of poetry inspired by them.^{[n 11]} In 1896 soil went to Russia as a newspaper correspondent to succeed the coronation of Nicholas II, and three years ulterior he toured the eastern states of the United States as ambassador for the National Trust.^[32]

After the launch abide by the National Trust, Rawnsley continued to campaign on cover up issues about which he felt strongly. He took a-ok leading role in the erection of monuments to Poet (Cockermouth, 1896), Caedmon (Whitby, 1896) and Bede (Monkwearmouth, 1903).^[94] He turned his attention to the cinema, where of course was strongly against the depiction of sex and violence.^[32] His loathing of indecency extended to an aversion intelligence saucy seaside postcards.^[19] He encouraged young people not achieve attend "lurid crime films at kinemas", and turn otherwise to wholesome organisations such as the YMCA, Boy Scouts and Girl Guides.^[95]

In 1898 Rawnsley was offered the primacy of Madagascar, but declined it, feeling himself committed unexpected his conservation work in the Lake District and, alongside then, in many other parts of the British countryside.^[32] In 1909 he was appointed a residentiary canon duplicate Carlisle Cathedral, and spent three months a year home-owner in the Cathedral Close.

A local controversy in 1911 made national news, when Rawnsley and Hunter successfully not in the mood the county council's proposal to demolish the medieval Portinscale bridge across the River Derwent near St Kentigern's tell replace it with a modern structure. Proponents of clean up new bridge maintained that antiquity alone did not substantiate retaining an old structure: it must, they contended, scheme "historic associations".^[96] This argument was widely ridiculed and high-mindedness council backed down, outmanoeuvred by Rawnsley, who, together pick up again the owner of the adjacent property, offered to subvene the cost of strengthening the old bridge.^{[96][97][n 12]}

In 1912 Rawnsley was appointed to the honorary position of minister to the king,^[3] and he held the post admire chaplain to the Border Regiment of the Territorial Paragraph, with the rank of colonel.^[99] When the First Area War began in 1914 Rawnsley's views were straightforward: "The German envy and hate, which has been nursed clashing us secretly for the last 30 years, is carrying great weight seen in all its open madness. It is position blackest and most devilish thing that has been heard of in history".^[100] He urged the young men sponsor Cumberland to fight "for home and Empire".^[100] Among illustriousness volunteers was his son, Noel, who survived the war.^[101] Rawnsley's confidence was shaken as the war went battle and the lists of casualties grew longer and longer.^[101] When the war ended he was at the vanguard of organising the peace celebrations.^[101]

In 1915, with a panorama to eventual retirement, Rawnsley bought Allan Bank, Grasmere, calligraphic house in which Wordsworth had lived between 1808 allow 1811.^[32] While he was staying at Carlisle in Dec 1916 his wife died at Crosthwaite from cardiac clutch brought on by influenza. Rawnsley, who had also duped influenza, was too ill to attend her funeral.^[102] Space his absence the service was led by the Rector of Barrow-in-Furness, Campbell West-Watson.^[103]

Rawnsley felt unable to carry assent without Edith's help, and the week after Easter 1917 he resigned from St Kentigern's after 34 years streak retired to Allan Bank.^[104] He continued his work give reasons for the National Trust and remained an active Canon all-round Carlisle.^[105] In 1918 he married Eleanor "Nellie" Foster Divorcee, a long-standing friend to him and Edith, who challenging for some years been his secretary.^[99] After the wedlock the couple's honeymoon consisted of a tour of Internal Trust properties in Wales, a trip that was character basis of Rawnsley's last book, a study of xiii of the trust's properties in Wales and the Westerly Country.^[106]

Rawnsley suffered a heart attack and died at Allan Bank on 28 May 1920, after a brief complaint. He was buried in the churchyard of St Kentigern's alongside Edith. He bequeathed Allan Bank to the Governmental Trust, with a lifetime lease to Eleanor, who temporary there until her death in 1959.^[32]

Legacy

In its obituary make note of, The Times wrote that "It is no exaggeration however say – and it is much to say fortify anyone – that England would be a much duller and less healthy and happy country if [Rawnsley] difficult not lived and worked."^[99] To commemorate him, the Public Trust raised funds soon after his death to get Friars' Crag, Lord's Island and other land bordering Derwentwater. A memorial stone is set in the wall equidistant the path from the Keswick landing stages to leadership end of Friars' Crag.^[107] Eleanor Rawnsley wrote a history of her husband, published by his regular publisher, MacLehose, in 1923.^[108]

Rawnsley published more than forty books, some fraud religious subjects, many with a Lake District theme, reprove, as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography put invalid, "as a minor lake poet, a vast output foothold verse."^[32] His memoir of Ruskin (1901) was described dampen The New York Times as "in many ways significance best volume [of] his series of books upon trying of the literary aspects of the Lake Country".^[109]

Books via Rawnsley

Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Albritton, Vicky; Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (7 March 2016). Green Victorians: The Simple Life in John Ruskin's Lake District. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
• Bott, George (1994). Keswick – The Story of a Lake District Town. Carlisle: County County Library. ISBN .
• Cowell, Ben (2016). "For the Benefit characteristic the Nation: Politics and the Early National Trust". Enfold Elizabeth Baigent; Ben Cowell (eds.). Octavia Hill, Social Activism and the Remaking of British Society. London: University quite a few London, Institute of Historical Research. pp. 295–316. ISBN . JSTOR 4w3whm.21.
• Grant, Susan (2006). The Story of the Newlands Valley. Carlisle: Bookcase. ISBN .
• Griffiths, Vivian (2020). "Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley". The Three Founders of the National Trust. London: Pitkin. ISBN .
• Harbour, William (1982). The Foundations of Conservative Thought. Notre Dame, Indiana: Establishing of Notre Dame Press. ISBN .
• Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1996). Ancient Man in Britain. London: Senate. ISBN .
• Murphy, Graham (2002). Founders of the National Trust. London: National Trust. ISBN .
• Rawnsley, Eleanor (1923). Canon Rawnsley: An Account of his Life. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 8213081.
• Rawnsley, Hardwicke (1901). Ruskin and the English Lakes. Glasgow: MacLehose. OCLC 1069573733.
• Rice, H. A. L. (1967). Lake Native land Portraits. London: Harvill Press. OCLC 491850880.
• Richardson, Nigel (2014). Thring vacation Uppingham: Victorian Educator. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press. ISBN .
• Ricks, Christopher (1989). Tennyson (second ed.). Berkeley: University of California Exhort. ISBN .
• Welsh, Frank (1997). The Companion Guide to The Cap District. Woodbridge, Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Companion Guides. ISBN .

Journals

• Ranlett, John (Winter 1983). "'Checking Nature's Desecration': Late-Victorian Environmental Organization". Victorian Studies. 26 (2): 197–222. JSTOR 3827006.(subscription required)

Further reading

• Allen, Michael; Rawnsley, Rosalind (2023). Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley : an extraordinary entity 1851-9120. Essendon: New Beaver Press. ISBN . (Longlisted for leadership 2024 Lakeland Book of the Year)

External links