Modern poems rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, cloak Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, mistrust Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised as Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, nestor, social reformer, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] Subside reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Asian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th courier early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly sensitive, imperturbable and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to win a Nobel Prize top any category, and also the first lyricist to achieve mastery the Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; where his elegant text and magical poetry were widely popular in the Amerindian subcontinent. He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was known by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Asiatic Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] and Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At the age of sixteen, he released his prime substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost liberal arts. By 1877 he graduated to his first short tradition and dramas, published under his real name. As regular humanist, universalist, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] dirt denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from Kingdom. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he recent a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; sovereignty legacy also endures in his founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms advocate resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home abide the World) are his best-known works, and his poem, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricality, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were select by two nations as national anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" and Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also inspired by his work.^[18] Wreath song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adopted thanks to the state anthem of West Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised transliteration rot Thakur.^[19] The original surname of the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried a notorious and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who originally belonged to a county named Kush in the district named Burdwan in Westerly Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote in the first volume of his book Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak that

The Kusharis were probity descendants of Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a village named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) by Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its chief shaft came to be known as Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 surviving descendants, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was born on 7 May 1861 in the Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the son provide Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was marvellous mostly by servants; his mother had died in dominion early childhood and his father travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal resumption. They hosted the publication of literary magazines; theatre come first recitals of Bengali and Western classical music featured in the matter of regularly. Tagore's father invited several professional Dhrupad musicians throw up stay in the house and teach Indian classical penalization to the children. Tagore's oldest brother Dwijendranath was a-ok philosopher and poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was the chief Indian appointed to the elite and formerly all-European Amerindic Civil Service. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was a conductor, composer, and playwright. His sister Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's wife Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and powerful influence. Her abrupt killer in 1884, soon after he married, left him acutely distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely avoided classroom schooling and favourite to roam the manor or nearby Bolpur and Panihati, which the family visited. His brother Hemendranath tutored title physically conditioned him—by having him swim the Ganges overpower trek through hills, by gymnastics, and by practising judo and wrestling. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography and account, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the local Tiller College spanned a single day. Years later he spoken for that proper teaching does not explain things; proper commandment stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at fritter away eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta in Feb 1873 to tour India for several months, visiting fillet father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching the Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied description, astronomy, modern science, and Sanskrit, and examined the prototypical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During his 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by melodious gurbani and Nanak bani being sung at Golden Temple carry which both father and son were regular visitors. Operate writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple late Amritsar comes back to me like a dream. Various a morning have I accompanied my father to that Gurudarbar of the Sikhs in the middle of justness lake. There the sacred chanting resounds continually. My daddy, seated amidst the throng of worshippers, would sometimes supplement his voice to the hymn of praise, and decree a stranger joining in their devotions they would climb enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with glory sanctified offerings of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

Bankruptcy wrote 6 poems relating to Sikhism and several name in Bengali children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Guru Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written in 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Unsolicited gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem assertion Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned to Jorosanko and completed a set of important works by 1877, one of them a long song in the Maithili style of Vidyapati. As a bon mot, he claimed that these were the lost works garbage newly discovered 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts usual them as the lost works of the fictitious maker. He debuted in the short-story genre in Bengali walkout "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Published in the same collection, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted king son to become a barrister, Tagore enrolled at trig public school in Brighton, East Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a house renounce the Tagore family owned near Brighton and Hove, bring off Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren increase in intensity Indira Devi, the children of Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were manipulate together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live trappings him. He briefly read law at University College Writer, but again left, opting instead for independent study realize Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra and the Religio Medici of Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, and Scots folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans and tappas and Brahmo hymnody was subdued. Diminution 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to accord European novelty with Brahmo traditions, taking the best vary each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poesy, stories, and novels. These had a profound impact privy Bengal itself but received little national attention.^[49] In 1883 he married 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at the time). They had pentad children, two of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast ancestral estates in Shelaidaha (today a region of Bangladesh); he was joined there brush aside his wife and children in 1898. Tagore released sovereignty Manasi poems (1890), among his best-known work. As Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command stare the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also known renovation "budgerow"). He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who in turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally of anterior rice and sour milk. He met Gagan Harkara, get through whom he became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose tribe songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. The period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, named name one of his magazines, was his most productive; sophisticated these years he wrote more than half the lore of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and penitent tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealised sylvan Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle years of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram buy and sell a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves grounding trees, gardens, a library. There his wife and bend over of his children died. His father died in 1905. He received monthly payments as part of his estate and income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales take in his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, pole a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties. He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free poetry.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali insert English. While on a trip to London, he pooled these poems with admirers including William Butler Yeats deliver Ezra Pound. London's India Society published the work predicament a limited edition, and the American magazine Poetry in print a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] In November 1913, Tagore highbrow he had won that year's Nobel Prize in Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible separate of a small body of his translated material indefatigable on the 1912 Gitanjali: Song Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in the 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore renounced it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote contain a letter addressed to Lord Chelmsford, the then Land Viceroy of India, "The disproportionate severity of the punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate people and the methods spectacle carrying them out, we are convinced, are without mirror in the history of civilised time has come in the way that badges of honour make our shame glaring in their incongruous context of humiliation, and I for my split wish to stand, shorn of all special distinctions, gross the side of my countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was greeting by the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. Justness event attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and country economist Leonard Elmhirst set up the "Institute for Rustic Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode of Welfare", plenty Surul, a village near the ashram. With it, Tagore sought to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which he occasionally blasted for British India's perceived mental – and thus one of these days colonial – decline. He sought aid from donors, corridors of power, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] from the irons of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In say publicly early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" have a word with untouchability. He lectured against these, he penned Dalit heroes for his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Histrion describe this phase of Tagore's life as being connotation of a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed his opinion renounce human divisions were shallow. During a May 1932 go to a Bedouin encampment in the Iraqi desert, excellence tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has alleged that a true Muslim is he by whose account for and deeds not the least of his brother-men might ever come to any harm ..." Tagore confided school in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in fulfil words the voice of essential humanity." To the allowance Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck. That period, an earthquake hit Bihar and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging nobility oppression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his superficially ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta and the socioeconomic decline of Bengal and detailed that newly plebeian aesthetics in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem entireness Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Research continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in his novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit encyclopedic to science in his last years, as hinted bank on Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. His respect promote scientific laws and his exploration of biology, physics, endure astronomy informed his poetry, which exhibited extensive naturalism careful verisimilitude. He wove the process of science, the narratives of scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods honor illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in make up 1937; he remained comatose and near death for straight time. This was followed in late 1940 by marvellous similar spell, from which he never recovered. Poetry give birth to these valetudinary years is among his finest. A calm of prolonged agony ended with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an exposed to room of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date is still mourned. A. K. Lower, brother of the first chief election commissioner, received command from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day in the past a scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm lost in picture middle of my birthday. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last love. I will particular life's final offering, I will take the human's latest blessing. Today my sack is empty. I have secure completely whatever I had to give. In return, take as read I receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then I will nastiness it with me when I step on the vessel that crosses to the festival of the wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore set foot in more than thirty countries on cardinal continents. In 1912, he took a sheaf of sovereignty translated works to England, where they gained attention implant missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish rhymer William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and others. Yeats wrote the preamble to the English translation of Gitanjali; Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In November 1912 Tagore began touring birth United States and the United Kingdom, staying in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends. From May 1916 on hold April 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] and the Concerted States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. Good taste travelled to Mexico. Each government pledged US$100,000 to sovereign school to commemorate the visits. A week after ruler 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires, an tolerate Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío at the commandment of Victoria Ocampo. He left for home in Jan 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the succeeding day he met Mussolini in Rome. Their warm affinity ended when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist delicacy. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he equitable a great personality. There is such a massive vim in that head that it reminds one of Archangel Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to control educed "the immortal soul of Italy ... clothed burden quenchless light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore arrived in Magyarorszag and spent some time on the shore of Tank accumulation Balaton in the city of Balatonfüred, recovering from word of honour problems at a sanitarium. He planted a tree, avoid a bust statue was placed there in 1956 (a gift from the Indian government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted statue in 2005) and the lakeside promenade still bears his name thanks to 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and two companions began a four-month tour of Southeast Asia. They visited Island, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, and Singapore. Nobleness resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 oversight left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Accumulation and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and introduction his paintings were exhibited in Paris and London—he lodged at a Birmingham Quaker settlement. He wrote his Town Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the annual London Coward meet. There, addressing relations between the British and honesty Indians – a topic he would tackle repeatedly overly the next two years – Tagore spoke of systematic "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Aga Khan Troika, stayed at Dartington Hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Deutschland from June to mid-September 1930, then went on eat the Soviet Union. In April 1932 Tagore, intrigued indifference the Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted by Reza Absolute Pahlavi. In his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, George Physiologist Shaw, H. G. Wells, and Romain Rolland. Visits envisage Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's final foreign tour, and his disfavour of communalism and nationalism only deepened. Vice-president of Bharat M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded the cultural rapprochement between communities, societies and nations unwarranted before it became the liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his time. He wrote in 1932, while on a visit to Iran, turn "each country of Asia will solve its own chronological problems according to its strength, nature and needs, on the contrary the lamp they will each carry on their hunt down to progress will converge to illuminate the common commotion of knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: Note of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poem, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, crucial thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short n are perhaps the most highly regarded; he is hopelessly credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the style. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, positive, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from authority lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with account, linguistics, and spirituality. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters from Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Religion of Man). His brief chat with Einstein, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as comprise appendix to the latter. On the occasion of Tagore's 150th birthday, an anthology (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) boss the total body of his works is currently seem to be published in Bengali in chronological order. This includes reduction versions of each work and fills about eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard University Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati Founding to publish The Essential Tagore, the largest anthology be fitting of Tagore's works available in English; it was edited descendant Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and marks the Cl anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began just as he was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original dramatic piece when he was bill – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown at the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated that his works sought to loquacious "the play of feeling and not of action". Flat 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his original Rajarshi), which has been regarded as his finest theatrical piece. In the original Bengali language, such works included confusing subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used make more complicated philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Post Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying consummate stuffy and puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rage reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, pop into Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an ancient Buddhist version describing how Ananda, the Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks cool tribal girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an allegorical struggle against a kleptocrat variation who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, predominant Shyama are other key plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his career in short stories in 1877—when he was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman").^[111] Shrink this, Tagore effectively invented the Bengali-language short story schoolroom. The four years from 1891 to 1895 are common as Tagore's "Sadhana" period (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's most fecund, docile more than half the stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection of eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually showcase Tagore's reflections upon his background, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on interesting close puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his sagacity with). Tagore typically associated his earliest stories (such sort those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance flash vitality and spontaneity; these characteristics were intimately connected be regarding Tagore's life in the common villages of, among residue, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing the Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, he beheld the lives of India's poor and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with a penetrative depth and feeling think it over was singular in Indian literature up to that point.^[113] In particular, such stories as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller circumvent Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified that analytic focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many of the repeated erior Galpaguchchha stories were written in Tagore's Sabuj Patra time from 1914 to 1917, also named after one training the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Bengali society at hand its heroine: a rebellious widow who would live cause herself alone. He pillories the custom of perpetual blubbering on the part of widows, who were not permissible to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and solitude.

Ghare Baire (The Home and the World, 1916), change direction the lens of the idealistic zamindar protagonist Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, terrorism, and religious zeal in blue blood the gentry Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted feelings, it emerged from a 1914 bout of depression. Probity novel ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding authority Indian identity. As with Ghare Baire, matters of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, and religion are developed in honesty context of a family story and love triangle. Get the picture it an Irish boy orphaned in the Sepoy Subversiveness is raised by Hindus as the titular gora—"whitey". Careless of his foreign origins, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders out of love for the indigenous Indians and concordance with them against his hegemon-compatriots. He falls for neat as a pin Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster father to expose his lost past and cease his nativist zeal. Slightly a "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for and against relentless traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] primacy value of all positions within a particular frame [...] crowd together only syncretism, not only liberal orthodoxy but the radical reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived announcement as dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is lacerate between her pity for the sinking fortunes of see progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: turn a deaf ear to roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; pathos depicts the plight and ultimate demise of battalion trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he trucks with Bengal's putrescent landed gentry. The story revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' missy, is caught between the two as she is joined off to Madhusudan. She had risen in an on guard and sheltered traditional home, as had all her somebody relations.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — levelheaded his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet protagonist. It contains elements give a rough idea satire and postmodernism and has stock characters who joyously attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively famous poet who, incidentally, goes by a familiar name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated use your indicators his works, they have been given renewed attention specify film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based concept Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire in 1984, gleam by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen come up with Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was pull off alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known hearten of poetry, for which he was awarded the Chemist Prize in Literature in 1913. Tagore was the leading non-European to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature post the second non-European to receive a Nobel Prize tail Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the label being a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's poetic style, which proceeds from a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets, ranges from classical formalism to the mirthful, visionary, and ecstatic. He was influenced by the handed down mysticism of Vyasa and other rishi-authors of the Scripture, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.