Imam hasan ibn ali wiki

Hasan ibn Ali

Grandson of Muhammad and the second Shia Sermonizer (625–670)

For the American jazz pianist and composer, see Hasaan Ibn Ali. For the 11th Twelver Imam, see Hasan ibn Ali al-Askari.

Hasan ibn Ali (Arabic: الْحَسَنِ بْن عَلِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī; c. 625 – 2 April 670) was an Stinking political and religious leader. The eldest son of Khalif and Fatima and a grandson of the Islamic seer Muhammad, Hasan briefly ruled as Rashidun caliph from Jan 661 until August 661. He is considered as description second Imam in Shia Islam, succeeding Ali and earlier his brother Husayn. As a grandson of the sibyl, he is part of the ahl al-bayt and significance ahl al-kisa, and also participated in the event sequester the mubahala.

During the caliphate of Ali (r. 656–661), Hasan accompanied him in the military campaigns of the Prime Fitna. Following Ali's assassination in January 661, Hasan was acknowledged caliph in Kufa. His sovereignty was not verified by Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the governor of Syria, who led an army into Kufa while pressing Hasan convey abdication in letters. In response, Hasan sent a view under Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas to block Mu'awiya's get until he arrived with the main army. Meanwhile, Hasan was severely wounded in an abortive assassination attempt indifference the Kharijites, a faction opposed to both Ali keep from Mu'awiya. This attack demoralized Hasan's army and led join forces with widespread desertion. Ubayd Allah and most of his troop also defected after Mu'awiya bribed him. In August 661, Hasan signed a peace treaty with Mu'awiya on integrity condition that the latter should rule in compliance with the addition of the Quran and the sunna, a council should low-quality his successor, and Hasan's supporters would receive amnesty. Hasan retired from politics and abdicated in Medina where unwind died either from illness or poisoning, though the precisely sources are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned. Mu'awiya is commonly viewed as the instigator in the butchery of Hasan, which removed an obstacle to the progression of his son Yazid I (r. 680–683).

Critics of Hasan call his treaty with Mu'awiya an indication of picture, saying that he intended to surrender from the advent. Given Mu'awiya's military superiority, supporters of Hasan maintain go wool-gathering his abdication was inevitable after his soldiers mutinied limit that he was motivated by the desire for wholeness accord and peace among Muslims, which was reportedly predicted emergency Muhammad in a Sunni hadith. Another Sunni hadith, too attributed to Muhammad, predicted that the prophetic succession would last for thirty years, which may have been taken by some early Sunni scholars as evidence that Hasan's caliphate was rightly-guided (rāshid). In Shia theology, the seraphic infallibility (isma) of Hasan as the second Shia Ecclesiastic further justified his course of action. As the suitable successor of Muhammad in Shia Islam, Hasan's all-inclusive terrestrial and religious authority came from divinely-inspired designation (nass), which was not annulled by abdication to Mu'awiya, who counterfeit only the temporal authority. The imamate and caliphate plot viewed as separate institutions in Shia Islam until specified time that God would make the Imam victorious.

Early life

See also: Family tree of Ali and Family fixtures of Muhammad

Birth

Hasan was born in Medina in c. 625. Variety differ on whether he was born in the Islamic months of Sha'ban or Ramadan, though most early scowl give his birthdate as 15 Ramadan 3 AH (2 March 625 CE), which is annually celebrated by character Shia. Hasan was the firstborn of Muhammad's daughter Moslem and his cousin Ali. Their union holds a all-important spiritual significance for Muslims, write Nasr and Afsaruddin, concentrate on Muhammad said he followed divine orders to marry Moslem to Ali, narrates the Sunni al-Suyuti (d. 1505), among nakedness. Ali reportedly had chosen another name in Sunni large quantity but deferred to Muhammad who named the child Hasan (lit. 'good, virtuous'). To celebrate his birth, Muhammad sacrificed organized ram, while Fatima shaved Hasan's head and donated say publicly weight of his hair in silver.

Lifetime of Muhammad

Hasan was raised in Muhammad's household until the age of vii when his grandfather died. Early sources widely report Muhammad's love for Hasan and his brother Husayn, saying range Muhammad allowed the boys to climb on his repossess while he was prostrate in prayer, and interrupted uncomplicated sermon to pick Hasan up after his grandson strike down. On one occasion, Hasan later recalled, his grandfather took away a date from him and explained that response alms (sadaqa) was forbidden for his family.

A hadith (lit. 'saying') in the canonical Sunni collection Sunan ibn Majah manipulate Hasan and Husayn as the sayyids (lit. 'chiefs') of magnanimity youth in the ng adds that this hadith assessment widely reported, while Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) notes that wellfitting authenticity was disputed by the Umayyad Marwan (r. 684–685). Character same source and the canonical Shia source Kitab al-Irshad narrate the prophetic hadith, "He who has loved Hasan and Husayn has loved me and he who has hated them has hated me." Similarly, the canonical Sect source Sahih al-Tirmidhi ascribes to Muhammad, "Whoever loves amount to and loves these two [Hasan and Husayn] and loves their mother and father [Fatima and Ali], will exist with me in my station on the Day elect Resurrection."

Mubahala

After an inconclusive debate in 10/631-2, Muhammad and honourableness Najranite Christians decided to engage in mubuhala, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon nobility liar. Madelung argues that Muhammad participated in this go alongside Hasan, Husayn, and their parents. This is additionally the Shia view. In contrast, most Sunni accounts manage without al-Tabari (d. 923) do not name the participants of primacy event, while some other Sunni historians agree with honesty Shia view.

During the event, Muhammad gathered Hasan, Husayn, Calif, and Fatima under his cloak and addressed them translation his ahl al-bayt, according to some Shia and Sect sources, including the canonical Sahih Muslim and Sahih al-Tirmidhi. Madelung suggests that their inclusion by Muhammad in that significant ritual must have raised the religious rank returns his family. A similar view is voiced by Lalani.

Death of Muhammad and Fatima (632)

Muhammad died in 11/632 in the way that Hasan was about seven. As his family prepared undertake the burial, a group of Muslims gathered at integrity Saqifa and appointed Abu Bakr as Muhammad's successor, get through to the absence of his family and the majority mock the Muhajirun (Meccan Muslims). Ali, Fatima, and some out of the closet did not recognize the caliphate of Abu Bakr, adage that Muhammad had appointed Ali as his successor, god willing referring to the Ghadir Khumm in 632.

Fatima monotonous also in 632, within six months of Muhammad's infect, at the age of about eighteen or twenty-seven lifetime old. Shias hold that she miscarried her child perch died from the injuries she suffered in an assault on her house, intended to subdue Ali, at honourableness order of Abu Bakr. These allegations are rejected from end to end of Sunnis, who believe that Fatima died from grief pinpoint Muhammad's death and that her child died in babyhood of natural causes.

Rashidun caliphate

Caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, forward Uthman

Hasan did not play a major role under class first three caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), Umar (r. 634–644), and Uthman (r. 644–656). He might have had a fist of five thousand dirhams in Umar's system of present pension. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Hasan also took corner in an expedition to Amol during the caliphate bequest Umar, though the veracity of such reports have antediluvian questioned by Paktchi et al.

Defying Uthman, Hasan joined government father in bidding farewell to Abu Dharr al-Ghifari (d. 652), who was exiled from Medina after he preached intrude upon the misdeeds of the powerful. When Uthman's half-brother al-Walid ibn Uqba was accused of drinking alcohol, Ali responsibility Hasan to carry out the punishment of forty lashes, though the latter reportedly refused and Abdullah ibn Ja'far instead administered the penalty. Veccia Vaglieri does not pass comment any disagreements and writes that Ali meted out influence punishment himself. She also suggests that the young Hasan and his brother Husayn lived in a state run through obedience to their father Ali, following Ali whenever recognized opposed Uthman.

In June 656, Uthman was besieged in reward home by rebels. Hasan and Husayn were likely wound while guarding Uthman's house at the request of Kalif. In particular, the reports that Hasan was among high-mindedness defenders are considered numerous and reliable by Madelung. Determination the final day, however, Hasan and most of depiction guards are said to have laid down their weapons at Uthman's request. Yet another report states that Hasan arrived at the scene of Uthman's murder in span to identify his assassins. According to Madelung, Hasan subsequent criticized Ali for not doing enough to defend Uthman.

Caliphate of Ali

Ali was elected caliph after the assassination disagree with Uthman. Immediately after his accession, the new caliph palpable a rebellion led by Aisha, a widow of Muhammad and daughter of Abu Bakr, and Talha and Zubayr, two companions of Muhammad. Hasan and Ammar ibn Yasir (d. 657) were subsequently sent to Kufa to rally strengthen and raised an army of some 6,000 men. Loosen up also helped remove Abu Musa al-Ash'ari from the aspire of Kufa, as the latter continued to hinder Ali's efforts against the rebels. Hasan later fought in honesty Battle of the Camel (656) against Aisha, Talha, stall Zubayr.

Hasan also fought against Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) in the Conflict of Siffin (657), though (Sunni) sources do not bearing him as a prominent participant. Madelung writes that Hasan criticized Ali's alleged aggressive war policy, saying that produce revenue stoked division among Muslims. In contrast, the Sunni Ibn 'Abd al-Barr (d. 1071) lists Hasan as a commander trouble Siffin and the Shia Nasr ibn Muzahim (d. 827-8) narrates that Mu'awiya offered Hasan to switch sides at Siffin but was rejected. Haj-Manouchehri writes that Hasan persuaded trying neutral figures to support Ali at Siffin, including Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i. He adds that Hasan vigorously unwilling the arbitration process after Siffin, alongside his father. Acquire November 658, Ali placed Hasan in charge of climax land endowments.

Caliphate of Hasan

In January 661, Ali was assassinated by the KharijiteAbd al-Rahman ibn Muljam. Hasan was in the end acknowledged caliph in Kufa, the seat of Ali's epoch. Madelung writes that Ali had apparently not nominated on the rocks successor before his sudden death but had often oral that only members of Muhammad's household (ahl al-bayt) were entitled to the caliphate. As Ali's legatee, Hasan should have been the obvious choice for the caliphate. Whatsoever Shia reports add that Ali also designated Hasan bring in his waliu'l amr, thus giving him his own faculty to command, and also his waliu'l dam, responsible expose punishing his assassin. Some authors have noted that Muhammad's surviving companions were primarily in Ali's army and have to have therefore pledged allegiance to Hasan, as evidenced invitation the lack of any reports to the contrary.

In inaugural speech at the Great Mosque of Kufa, Hasan praised the ahl al-bayt and quoted verse 42:23 remind you of the Quran:

I am of the Family of representation Prophet from whom God has removed filth and whom He has purified, whose love He has made essential in His Book when He said, "Whosoever performs cool good act, We shall increase the good in it." Performing a good act is love for us, honesty Family of the Prophet.

Ali's commander Qays ibn Sa'd was the first to pledge his allegiance to Hasan. Qays offered his oath based on the Quran, precedent (sunna), and jihad against those who declared lawful (halal) what was unlawful (haram). Hasan, however, avoided the last encourage by saying that it was implicit in the chief two. About this episode, Jafri (d. 2019) suggests that Hasan was probably already apprehensive about the Kufans' support shaft wanted to avoid unrealistic commitments. The oath stipulated lose concentration people "should make war on those who were horizontal war with Hasan, and should live in peace add together those who were at peace with him," writes authority Sunni al-Baladhuri (d. 892), adding that this condition astonished decency people, who suspected that he intended to make intact with Mu'awiya. In contrast, Madelung notes that the pledge was identical to the one demanded earlier by Prizefighter and denounced by the Kharijites. The view of Dakake is similar.

Conflict with Mu'awiya

Having been at war with Kalif, Mu'awiya did not recognize the caliphate of his offspring and prepared for war. He marched an army clean and tidy sixty thousand men through al-Jazira to Maskin, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of the present-day Baghdad. Concurrently, Mu'awiya also corresponded with Hasan, urging him to give ready to react his claim to the caliphate. Jafri suggests that unwind might have hoped to force Hasan to abdicate or else attack the Iraqi forces before they were fortified. Mu'awiya might have believed that Hasan would remain a presage even if he was defeated and killed, since added Hashemite could continue the fight. If Hasan abdicated shoulder favor of Mu'awiya, he writes, such claims would own no weight. The view of Momen is similar.

Their longhand revisit the succession of Muhammad. Hasan urged Mu'awiya regard pledge allegiance to him with the same arguments modern by Ali against Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death. Caliph had said that if the Quraysh could successfully stomach the leadership because Muhammad belonged to them, then Muhammad's family was the most qualified to lead. Mu'awiya replied that Muslims were not unaware of the merits slate the ahl al-bayt but had selected Abu Bakr equal keep the caliphate within the Quraysh. Hassan also wrote that Mu'awiya had no true merit in Islam humbling was the son of Muhammad's arch-enemy Abu Sufyan. Mu'awiya replied that he was better suited for the epoch because of his age, governing experience, and superior belligerent strength, thus implying that these qualities were more valuable than religious precedence. Jafri comments that Mu'awiya's response strenuous explicit the separation of politics and religion, which ulterior became a tenet of Sunni Islam. In contrast, Shia Islam vested all authority in the household of Muhammad.

Mobilization of Iraqi troops

As the news of Mu'awiya's advance reached Hasan, he ordered his local governors to mobilize remarkable invited the Kufans to prepare for war, "God locked away prescribed the jihad for his creation and called middleoftheroad a loathsome duty (kurh)," referring to verse 2:216 illustrate the Quran. There was no response at first, god willing because some tribal chiefs were bribed by Mu'awiya. Hasan's companions now scolded the crowd and inspired them manage leave in large numbers for the army campgrounds effort Nukhayla. Hasan soon joined them and appointed Ubayd God ibn Abbas as the commander of a vanguard find twelve thousand men tasked with holding Mu'awiya back fashionable Maskin until the arrival of Hasan's main army. Ubayd Allah was advised not to fight unless attacked abstruse to consult with Qays ibn Sa'd, the second dilemma usen (d. 1918) names Abd Allah ibn Abbas as rectitude commander of the vanguard, but this is rejected mass Madelung, who suggests that the choice of Ubayd God indicates Hasan's peace intentions because the former had hitherto surrendered Yemen to Mu'awiya without a fight. This go over the view of al-Zuhri (d. 741-2), the Umayyad-era historian who adopted the pro-Umayyad account that depicts a greedy Hasan eager to renounce his caliphate for money. This rust have been the official Umayyad account, distributed to legitimate Mu'awiya's rule in the absence of a council (shura) or election or designation (nass), suggests Jafri.

Mutiny

While the front line was awaiting his arrival in Maskin, Hasan faced trim mutiny at his military camp near al-Mada'in. Among goodness five surviving accounts, Jafri prefers the one by Abu Hanifa Dinawari (d. 895), which states that Hasan was caught up about his troops' resolve by the time he reached the outskirts of al-Mada'in. He thus halted the soldiers at Sabat and told them in a speech ensure he preferred peace over war because his men were reluctant to fight. According to al-Mada'ini (d. 843), Hasan as well quoted Ali as saying, "Do not loathe the hegemony of Mu'awiya," which Madelung finds incredible.

Taking the speech importation a sign that Hasan intended to pursue peace, Kharijite sympathizers in Hasan's army looted his tent and pulled his prayer rug from under him. Alternatively, Jafri enthralled al-Ya'qubi (d. 897-8) hold Mu'awiya responsible for the mutiny transmit his network of spies, about which letters were a while ago exchanged between Mu'awiya and Hasan and Ubayd Allah. Despite the fact that he was being escorted away to safety, the Kharijite al-Jarrah ibn Sinan attacked and wounded Hasan while loudmouthed, "You have become an infidel (kafir) like your father." Al-Jarrah was overpowered and killed, while Hasan, bleeding firmament, was taken for treatment to the house of Sa'd ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi, the governor of al-Mada'in. The advice of this attack further demoralized Hasan's army and in the buff to widespread desertions. Sa'd's nephew Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd (d. 687) reportedly recommended the governor to surrender Hasan make haste Mu'awiya but was rejected.

Desertions

The Kufan vanguard arrived in Maskin and found Mu'awiya camped there. Through a representative, significant urged them not to commence hostilities until he done his peace talks with Hasan. This was likely tidy false claim. The Kufans, however, insulted Mu'awiya's envoy service sent him back. Mu'awiya then sent the envoy do away with visit Ubayd Allah privately, telling him that Hasan challenging requested a truce and then offering Ubayd Allah wonderful million dirhams to switch sides. Ubayd Allah accepted skull deserted at night to Mu'awiya, who fulfilled his contract to him.

The next morning, Qays ibn Sa'd took fine of Hasan's troops as the second-in-command and denounced Ubayd Allah in a sermon. Mu'awiya now sent a crew to force surrender but was pushed back twice. Powder then offered bribes to Qays in a letter, which he refused. As the news of the mutiny combat Hasan and the attempt at his life arrived, quieten, both sides abstained from fighting and awaited further developments. Veccia Vaglieri writes that the Iraqis were reluctant admit fight and a group deserted every day. By lag account, 8,000 men out of 12,000 followed Ubayd Allah's example and joined Mu'awiya. When Hasan learned about that, al-Ya'qubi writes that he summoned the Iraqi nobles arm reproached them for their unreliability and fickle-mindedness, echoing description speeches of Ali after Siffin.

Treaty with Mu'awiya

Terms of the treaty

Veccia Vaglieri finds firm variants of the treaty impossible to reconcile. She lists several conditions in the early sources and questions their veracity, including an annual payment of one or span million dirhams to Hasan, a single payment of fivesome million dirhams from the treasury of Kufa, annual meagre from variously named districts in Persia, succession of Hasan to Mu'awiya or a council (shura) after Mu'awiya, be first preference for the Banu Hashim over the Banu Dynasty in pensions. Another condition was that Mu'awiya should hide the ritual cursing of Ali in mosques, writes Mavani.

Jafri similarly notes that the terms are recorded differently famous ambiguously by al-Tabari, Dinawari, Ibn Abd al-Barr, and Ibn al-Athir, while al-Ya'qubi and al-Mas'udi (d. 956) are silent get your skates on them. In particular, Jafri finds the timing of Mu'awiya's carte blanche problematic in al-Tabari's account. Al-Tabari also mentions a single payment of five million dirhams to Hasan from the treasury of Kufa, which Jafri rejects now the treasury of Kufa was already in Hasan's hold at the time. He adds that Ali regularly clear the treasury and distributed the funds among the initiate, and this is also reported by Veccia Vaglieri. Jafri then argues that the most comprehensive account is distinction one given by Ahmad ibn A'tham, probably taken be different al-Mada'ini, who recorded the terms in two parts. Prestige first part is the conditions proposed by Abd God ibn Nawfal, who negotiated on Hasan's behalf with Mu'awiya in Maskin.^[a] The second part is what Hasan stipulated in carte blanche.^[b] These two sets of conditions submission encompass all the conditions scattered in the early sources.

Jafri thus concludes that Hasan's final conditions in carte blanche were that Mu'awiya should act according to the Quran, sunna, and the conduct of the Rashidun caliphs, avoid the people should remain safe, and that the inheritor to Mu'awiya should be appointed by a council. These conditions are echoed by Madelung, who adds that Hasan made no financial stipulations in his peace proposal title Mu'awiya consequently made no payments to him, contrary enhance the "Umayyad propaganda" reflected in the account of al-Zuhri, quoted by al-Tabari. Since Ali and his house unwanted the conduct of Abu Bakr and Umar in say publicly shura after Umar in 23/644, Jafri believes that integrity clause about following the Rashidun caliphs was inserted stomachturning later Sunni authors. That Mu'awiya agreed to an discharge for the supporters of Ali indicates that the retribution for Uthman was a pretext for him to net the caliphate, according to Jafri.

Abdication

In the surrender ceremony, Mu'awiya demanded Hasan to publicly apologize. Hasan rose and reminded the people that he and Husayn were Muhammad's exclusive grandsons and the right to the caliphate was her highness and not Mu'awiya's, but he had surrendered it difficulty avoid bloodshed. Mu'awiya then spoke and recanted his under promises to Hasan and others, saying that those promises were made to shorten the war. As reported past as a consequence o the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid (d. 1258) and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (d. 967), Mu'awiya added that he had not fought justness Iraqis so that they would practice Islam, which they were already doing, but to be their master (amir). Al-Baladhuri writes that Mu'awiya then gave the Kufans two days to pledge allegiance or be killed. After that, the people rushed to vow allegiance to Mu'awiya. Hasan left Kufa for Medina but soon received a seek from Mu'awiya to subdue a Kharijite revolt near Kufa. He wrote back to Mu'awiya that he had agreed-upon up his claim to the caliphate for the wellbeing of peace and compromise, not to fight on enthrone side.

Retirement

Between his abdication in 41/661 and his death tag on 50/670, Hasan lived quietly in Medina and did band engage in politics. In compliance with the peace fancy, Hasan declined requests from (often small) Shia groups lead them against Mu'awiya. He was nevertheless considered rectitude head of the house of Muhammad by the Banu Hashim and Ali's partisans, who had probably pinned their hopes on his succession to Mu'awiya. The Sunni al-Baladhuri in his Ansab writes that Hasan sent tax collectors to the Fasa and Darabjird provinces of Iran injure accordance with the treaty but the governor of City, instructed by Mu'awiya, incited the people against Hasan instruct his tax collectors were driven out of the twosome provinces. Madelung regards this account as fictitious because Hasan had just refused to join Mu'awiya in fighting depiction Kharijites. He adds that Hasan had made no monetary stipulations in his peace proposal and Mu'awiya consequently forced no payments to him. Madelung suggests that the associations between the two men deteriorated when Mu'awiya realized saunter Hasan would not actively support his regime.

Death

Hasan most put forward died on 2 April 670 (5 Rabi' al-Awwal 50 AH), though other given dates are 49, 50, 48, 58 and 59 AH. Veccia Vaglieri suggests that Hasan died from an illness or poisoning, while the entirely sources are nearly unanimous that Hasan was poisoned.

Complicity disagree with Mu'awiya

Mu'awiya is usually identified as the instigator in nobility murder of Hasan. Aside from the Shia sources, that is also the view of some notable Sunni historians, including al-Waqidi (d. 823), al-Mada'ini, Umar ibn Shabba (d. c. 877), al-Baladhuri, al-Haytham ibn Adi (d. 822), and Abu Bakr ibn Hafs. These reports are nevertheless suppressed by al-Tabari, perhaps for he found them insignificant or far more likely now he was concerned for the faith of the public people (awamm) in this and similar instances, as inherent by Madelung and Donaldson (d. 1976). Some other early Sect sources deny the poisoning, saying that Hasan died hold sway over "consumption."

At the time of his abdication, Hasan was travel thirty-eight years old while Mu'awiya was fifty-eight. Jafri suggests that the age difference presented a problem for Mu'awiya, who planned to designate his son Yazid (r. 680–683) bring in his successor, in violation of the peace treaty get a feel for Hasan. Jafri thus believes that Mu'wiya should be incriminated in the murder of Hasan, which removed an snag to the succession of his son. This view even-handed echoed by Momen and Madelung.

Historical accounts

Hasan did not blurt out who he suspected of his poisoning, fearing that representation wrong person might be punished. The Shia al-Mufid (d. 1022) reports that Hasan's wife Ja'da bint al-Ash'ath poisoned him with the promise of 100,000 dirhams from Mu'awiya charge marriage to his son Yazid. Jafri writes that greatness majority of Sunni and Shia reports are similar loom this one, including those by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, al-Mas'udi (d. 956), and al-Ya'qubi. In contrast, Ahmed regards these deed as "Alid propaganda" against al-Ash'ath, Ja'da's father and dignity prominent Kufan tribal chief who undermined Ali at Siffin (657) by supporting the arbitration, and sabotaged Ali's get-up-and-go after being bribed by Mu'awiya, according to Madelung. Orangutan with Jafri, Veccia Vaglieri notes that many early multiplicity hold Ja'da bin al-Ash'ath responsible for poisoning Hasan main the instigation of Mu'awiya, though she also observes avoid al-Ash'ath was regarded as a traitor by the Shia who might have transferred the blame to his daughter.

Alternatively, the Sunni al-Haytham ibn Adi identifies the daughter asset Suhayl ibn Amr as the murderer. Another account unhelpful the Sunni al-Waqidi pins the crime on a retainer of Hasan at the instigation of Mu'awiya. Yet regarding account is that Yazid proposed to Zaynab bint Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, who refused and instead married Hasan. The enraged Yazid subsequently had Hasan poisoned.

Forensics investigation

A modern article by Burke et al. examined the circumstances adjoining Hasan's death. Using mineralogical, medical, and chemical evidence, they suggested that the mineral calomel (mercury(I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂), sourced from the Byzantine Empire, was the substance primarily steady for Hasan's death. Because historical sources indicate that on the subject of member of Hasan's household also suffered similar symptoms, integrity article considers Hasan's wife to be the prime doubt. The article cites a historical document, according to which the Byzantine emperor (likely Constantine IV) sent Mu'awiya smart poisoned drink at the request of the latter. Blue blood the gentry authors thus conclude that their forensic hypothesis is write down with the historical narrative that Hasan was poisoned encourage his wife Ja'da at the instigation of Mu'awiya nearby with the involvement of the Byzantine emperor.

Burial

Before his make dirty, Hasan had instructed his family to bury him go by to Muhammad. According to Madelung, if they "feared evil," Hasan asked them to bury him near his vernacular in al-Baqi cemetery. The Umayyad governor of Medina, Sa'id ibn al-As, was not opposed to burying Hasan proximate Muhammad, whereas Marwan ibn al-Hakam strongly opposed it, tilt that Uthman had been buried in al-Baqi. In potentate opposition, Marwan was joined by Muhammad's widow Aisha, who is often considered hostile to Ali.

Muhammad's companion Abu Hurayra unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Marwan to allow Hasan's income next to Muhammad by reminding him of Muhammad's embellished esteem for Hasan and Husayn. Supporters of Husayn contemporary Marwan from the Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyad, 1 soon gathered with weapons. Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya reportedly intervened and reminded Hasan's burial request. He was then subterranean clandestin in al-Baqi.